Warm-up
5 minSleep and memory
Answer each question with 2–3 sentences.
- Do you often remember your dreams?
- What was the last dream you had?
- Do you sleep deeply or lightly?
- What had you been doing before you went to bed last night?
- Have you ever had a nightmare?
- What helps you remember things?
Words and phrases
12 minNew words
Read each word and the example. Then say a sentence about your dreams.
Which word?
Choose the word that fits.
- She woke up screaming after a terrible .
- I had a very dream with bright colours.
- Most dreams within a few minutes of waking up.
- Can you what you dreamed about last night?
- The is very active while we sleep.
- I keep a next to my bed to write down my dreams.
- He was all night and slept badly.
- Some people try to their dreams, but their meaning is not clear.
Opposites and pairs
Choose the right answer, then press Check answers.
- a nightmare is a
- vivid =
- to fade = to
- to recall = to
- to doze off = to
- restless =
Useful phrases
Use these phrases to speculate about the past.
- I had been dreaming about...Мені снилося...I had been dreaming about flying when the alarm rang.
- I must have been dreaming.Мабуть, мені це наснилося.I must have been dreaming when I heard that.
- It might have been...Це, можливо, було...It might have been a memory from childhood.
- It can't have been...Це не могло бути...It can't have been real, because I was flying.
- I was so tired that...Я був такий втомлений, що...I was so tired that I dozed off at my desk.
- I can hardly remember...Я ледве пам'ятаю...I can hardly remember my dream.
- By the time I woke up,...Коли я прокинувся,...By the time I woke up, the dream had faded.
- Some experts believe that...Деякі експерти вважають, що...Some experts believe that dreams help us process memories.
Read and react
8 minDreams and memory
Read the text. Hover over the dotted words for help.
Why do we forget our dreams?
Most of us dream every night, but we forget nearly everything when we wake up. Why does this happen?
We have the most vivid dreams during a stage of sleep called REM, although dreaming can also happen in other stages. During REM sleep the brain is very active, but its chemistry seems to be different from the waking state. Some scientists believe that this makes it harder for the brain to store new memories.
In practice, a dream is often easier to remember if we wake up during it or just after it. If we sleep deeply and wake up slowly, the dream may have already faded. Dreams seem to disappear within minutes unless we pay attention to them.
Some people keep a dream journal. They put a notebook next to the bed and write down everything they can remember as soon as they wake up. With practice, many people say that they recall more details.
Why do we dream at all? Scientists do not agree. Some believe that dreams help the brain organise memories; others think that they help us deal with emotions. At the moment, nobody knows for sure.
Do you remember your dreams? What was the last one about?
True or false?
- Most vivid dreams happen in REM sleep, although dreaming can happen at other times.
- The brain is not active during REM sleep.
- A dream is easier to remember if we wake up just after it.
- Scientists know exactly why we dream.
- Some people write down their dreams in a journal.
What do you think?
- Do you often remember your dreams? Which was the strangest?
- Do you think dreams have a meaning?
- What could help you remember more of your dreams?
- Why do you think the brain forgets so much?
Grammar for speaking
10 minGrammar for speaking
Past Perfect Continuous
Use had been + -ing for an action that continued up to a point in the past.
I had been dreaming about flying when the alarm rang. She was tired because she had been working all night.
Speculating about the past
must have + past participle: sure it happened. might have / could have: possible. can't have: sure it didn't happen.
I must have been dreaming. It might have been a memory. It can't have been real.
Block 1 review
Use the grammar from this block.
narrative tenses (L1) · used to, be used to (L2) · hedging (L3) · the more… the more, contrast (L4)
Common mistakes: must / might / can't have + past participle. ✗ It must been a dream → It must have been a dream. ✗ She can't has been awake → She can't have been awake.
Choose the right form
- I when the alarm rang.
- She was tired because she all night.
- It been a dream.
- He seen me; he was asleep.
- It been a memory from childhood.
- By the time I woke up, the dream .
- They looked exhausted. They up all night.
- I sleeping well, so I felt terrible yesterday.
Fix the mistake
Each sentence has one mistake. Type the correct words.
- I had been dream when the alarm rang. →
- It must been a nightmare. →
- She can't has been awake. →
- He might have be late. →
- They looked tired; they must be working all night. →
- By the time I woke up, the dream was fading. →
Talk about it
Answer in detail. Use the Past Perfect Continuous and must / might / can't have.
- What do you remember about your last dream?
- What had you been doing before you went to sleep last night?
- Have you ever woken up and thought "that must have been a dream"?
- How do you sleep when you are stressed?
- What do you think dreams mean, if anything?
- What helps you to sleep deeply?
Three views and a final talk
8 minThree views on dreams
Three people have different views on dreams. Compare them. Who pays the most attention to dreams? Who is the most sceptical? Whose view is closest to yours?
Paula, 36
- Wakes up several times at night
- Had a vivid dream last night
- Keeps a dream journal
- Believes dreams have a meaning
Jake, 24
- Rarely remembers his dreams
- Sleeps deeply
- Dozes off on the train
- Thinks dreams are only random
Dr Weiss, 50
- Is a sleep researcher
- Studies REM sleep
- Says nobody knows exactly why we dream
- Sleeps eight hours
Final talk of Block 1: mind and identity
This is the final speaking task of Block 1. Your teacher will time you.
- Plan for one minute, then speak for one or two minutes.
- Part 1: languages and identity: tell a short story in the past (narrative tenses).
- Part 2: your habits, your voice and your work: used to, be used to, hedging.
- Part 3: your memory and dreams: speculate about the past and say what you think.
Personal questions
10 minPart I: Me
- Do you remember your dreams?
- What was the last dream you had?
- Do you sleep deeply or lightly?
- What had you been doing before you went to bed last night?
- Have you ever had a nightmare?
- What do you do when you cannot fall asleep?
- Do you keep a journal?
- What helps you remember things?
Part II: Other people
- Who in your family talks in their sleep?
- Who sleeps the most?
- Who tells you about their dreams?
- Who do you know that dozes off everywhere?
- Who had been working too hard recently?
- Who has the best memory in your family?
Part III: A bit deeper
- Can dreams predict the future?
- Should we pay attention to our dreams?
- Is sleep more important than food?
- Should people write a journal?
- Can a good memory be trained?
Roleplay
12 minTalking about dreams
Friend
A friend (your teacher) had a strange dream and feels worried. Talk to them:- ask what the dream was about
- say what it might have meant
- say what you had been doing before you had a similar dream
- reassure them
Friend
Says things like:- I had a terrible dream last night.
- What do you think it meant?
- I had been so stressed before it.
- Do you think it was a sign?
Final discussion for Block 1
Speaker
You are in a discussion group (your teacher). Talk about identity, voice and memory:- tell a short personal story
- say how you have changed
- give a careful opinion on whether language changes identity
- ask the group a question
Group member
Says things like:- Can you tell us a story?
- Have you changed a lot?
- Does language change identity?
- What about your memory?
Homework
at homeYour homework score
Do all four exercises, then press Check all homework. Correct answers will appear next to your mistakes.
Complete with a word
- She woke up screaming after a terrible .
- I had a very dream with bright colours.
- Most dreams within a few minutes of waking up.
- Can you what you dreamed about last night?
- The is very active while we sleep.
- I keep a next to my bed to write down my dreams.
- He was all night and slept badly.
- Some people try to their dreams, but their meaning is not clear.
Block 1 review: choose the correct form
- I for hours when I fell asleep.
- She been tired.
- He heard us because he was asleep.
- It been a dream.
- By the time I woke up, I everything.
- The more I sleep, I feel.
- I was tired, I couldn't sleep.
- It that sleep helps memory.
Correct or incorrect? (Block 1 review)
Decide if each sentence is grammatically correct.
- I had been dreaming when the alarm rang.
- It must been a nightmare.
- She can't have been awake.
- They looked tired; they must be working all night.
- It might have been a memory.
- By the time I woke up, the dream had faded.
- He might have be late.
Match the two halves
- I had been dreaming
- I must have
- It might have been
- It can't have been
- By the time I woke up,
- Some experts believe
- I can hardly
Finished the lesson?
Mark it as complete to keep track of your progress.